Sources
This page contains bibliographic information for the sources used for providing the reference data and in the justifications given in the criteria metadata.
| Identifier | Bibliographic information | Links |
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Felix Creutzig, N. H. Ravindranath, Göran Berndes, Simon Bolwig, Ryan Bright, Francesco Cherubini, Helena Chum, Esteve Corbera, Mark Delucchi, Andre Faaij, Joseph Fargione, Helmut Haberl, Garvin Heath, Oswaldo Lucon, Richard Plevin, Alexander Popp, Carmenza Robledo?Abad, Steven Rose, Pete Smith, Anders Stromman, Sangwon Suh, and Omar Masera. Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment. GCB Bioenergy, 7(5):916–944, July 2014. | DOI |
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Tsimafei Kazlou, Aleh Cherp, and Jessica Jewell. Feasible deployment of carbon capture and storage and the requirements of climate targets. Nature Climate Change, 14(10):1047–1055, September 2024. | DOI |
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Morgan R. Edwards, Zachary H. Thomas, Gregory F. Nemet, Sagar Rathod, Jenna Greene, Kavita Surana, Kathleen M. Kennedy, Jay Fuhrman, and Haewon C. McJeon. Modeling direct air carbon capture and storage in a 1.5 °C climate future using historical analogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 2024. | DOI |
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Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Kjetil Aas, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicolas Bellouin, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Carla F. Berghoff, Raffaele Bernardello, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Nathan O. Collier, Thomas H. Colligan, Margot Cronin, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Matt P. Enright, Kazutaka Enyo, Michael Erb, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Filippa Fransner, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Jefferson Goncalves De Souza, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Bertrand Guenet, Özgür Gürses, Kirsty Harrington, Ian Harris, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Akihiko Ito, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Yawen Kong, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Charles Koven, Taro Kunimitsu, Xin Lan, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Zhu Liu, Claire Lo Monaco, Lei Ma, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Joe R. Melton, Natalie Monacci, Erwan Monier, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Jens D. Müller, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Lorna R. Nayagam, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nutzel, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Naiqing Pan, Sudhanshu Pandey, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Pierre Regnier, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Ingunn Skjelvan, T. Luke Smallman, Victoria Spada, Mohanan G., Sreeush, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Didier Swingedouw, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Xiangjun Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Erik van Ooijen, Guido R. van der Werf, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Jiye Zeng. Global Carbon Budget 2025. Earth System Science Data, 18(5):3211–3288, May 2026. | DOI |
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IPCC. Annex III: Scenarios and Modelling Methods. In Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2022. | DOI |
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Alexandra Deprez, Paul Leadley, Kate Dooley, Phil Williamson, Wolfgang Cramer, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Aleksandar Rankovic, Eliot L. Carlson, and Felix Creutzig. Sustainability limits needed for CO 2 removal. Science, 383(6682):484–486, February 2024. | DOI |
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M.L. Thieme, D. Tickner, G. Grill, J.P. Carvallo, M. Goichot, J. Hartmann, J. Higgins, B. Lehner, M. Mulligan, C. Nilsson, K. Tockner, C. Zarfl, and J. Opperman. Navigating trade-offs between dams and river conservation. Global Sustainability, 2021. | DOI |
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Jeff Opperman, Jens Hartmann, Michael Lambrides, Juan Pablo Carvallo, Emily Chapin, Sharon Baruch-Mordo, Brian Eyler, Marc Goichot, Julien Harou, Joanna Hepp, Daniel Kammen, Joseph Kiesecker, Amy Newsock, Rafael Schmitt, Michele Thieme, Alex Wang, Courtney Weatherby, and Christiane Weber. Connected and Flowing: A Renewable Future for Rivers, Climate, and People. 2019. | URL |
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IEA. World Energy Balances. August 2025. | URL |
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Rachel Hoesly, Steven J Smith, Hamza Ahsan, Noah Prime, Patrick O'Rourke, Monica Crippa, Zbigniew Klimont, Diego Guizzardi, Leyang Feng, Colin Harkins, BRIAN MCDONALD, and Shuxiao Wang. CEDS v_2025_03_18 Aggregate Data. March 2025. | DOI |
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IEA. Hydropower Special Market Report: Analysis and Forecast to 2030. 2021. | URL |
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World Bank. World Development Indicators. 2025. | URL |
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IAEA. Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2050. Reference Data Series No. 1. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 44th edition, 2024. ISBN 978-92-0-123424-7. | DOI |
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Ember. Yearly Electricity Data. 2024. | URL |
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BNEF. 3Q 2024 Global PV Market Outlook. 2024. | URL |
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GWEC. Global Wind Report 2024. 2024. | URL |
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Global Forest Resources Assessment. 2020. | DOI |
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Henrique M. Pereira, Inês S. Martins, Isabel M. D. Rosa, HyeJin Kim, Paul Leadley, Alexander Popp, Detlef P. van Vuuren, George Hurtt, Luise Quoss, Almut Arneth, Daniele Baisero, Michel Bakkenes, Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer, Louise Chini, Moreno Di Marco, Simon Ferrier, Shinichiro Fujimori, Carlos A. Guerra, Michael Harfoot, Thomas D. Harwood, Tomoko Hasegawa, Vanessa Haverd, Petr Havlík, Stefanie Hellweg, Jelle P. Hilbers, Samantha L. L. Hill, Akiko Hirata, Andrew J. Hoskins, Florian Humpenöder, Jan H. Janse, Walter Jetz, Justin A. Johnson, Andreas Krause, David Leclère, Tetsuya Matsui, Johan R. Meijer, Cory Merow, Michael Obersteiner, Haruka Ohashi, Adriana De Palma, Benjamin Poulter, Andy Purvis, Benjamin Quesada, Carlo Rondinini, Aafke M. Schipper, Josef Settele, Richard Sharp, Elke Stehfest, Bernardo B. N. Strassburg, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Matthew V. Talluto, Wilfried Thuiller, Nicolas Titeux, Piero Visconti, Christopher Ware, Florian Wolf, and Rob Alkemade. Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050. Science, 384(6694):458–465, April 2024. | DOI |
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Thomas Gasser, Léa Crepin, Yann Quilcaille, Richard A. Houghton, Philippe Ciais, and Michael Obersteiner. Historical CO2 emissions from land use and land cover change and their uncertainty. Biogeosciences, 17(15):4075–4101, August 2020. | DOI |
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United Nations. The 17 Goals — Sustainable Development. n.d. | URL |
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L. Caesar, B. Sakschewski, L. S. Andersen, T. Beringer, J. Braun, D. Dennis, D. Gerten, A. Heilemann, J. Kaiser, N. H. Kitzmann, S. Loriani, W. Lucht, J. Ludescher, M. Martin, S. Mathesius, A. Paolucci, S. te Wierik, and J. Rockström. Planetary Health Check Report 2024. Technical Report, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, 2024. | URL |
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GBF. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: 2030 Targets (Guidance Notes). 2025. Accessed July 27, 2025; contains summary and guidance on all 23 targets of the GBF. | URL |
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EDGAR Community GHG Database. EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database. Dataset, 2025. A collaboration between the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), comprising IEA-EDGAR CO\(_2\), EDGAR CH\(_4\), EDGAR N\(_2\)O, and EDGAR F-GASES version EDGAR_2025_GHG. | |
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT. Databases: Land Use, Land Cover, Emissions totals, Emissions from Forests, Emissions from Crops, Emissions from Livestock, Emissions from Fires, Emissions from Drained organic solids. 2026. FAOSTAT Database Recommended citation style per FAO: "FAO. [Year of last update]. [Name of database: Name of dataset]. [Accessed on DD Month YYYY]. [URL]. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.". | URL |
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G. C. Hurtt, L. Chini, R. Sahajpal, S. Frolking, B. L. Bodirsky, K. Calvin, J. C. Doelman, J. Fisk, S. Fujimori, K. Klein Goldewijk, T. Hasegawa, P. Havlik, A. Heinimann, F. Humpenöder, J. Jungclaus, J. O. Kaplan, J. Kennedy, T. Krisztin, D. Lawrence, P. Lawrence, L. Ma, O. Mertz, J. Pongratz, A. Popp, B. Poulter, K. Riahi, E. Shevliakova, E. Stehfest, P. Thornton, F. N. Tubiello, D. P. van Vuuren, and X. Zhang. Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev., 13(11):5425–5464, 2020. | DOI |
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Louise Chini and George Hurtt. Land-Use Harmonization 2 for Global Carbon Budget 2025 (LUH2-GCB2025). 2025. | DOI |
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Thomas Gasser and Gaurav Shrivastav. OSCAR contribution to the Global Carbon Budget 2023. 2023. | DOI |
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Johannes Gütschow, Daniel Busch, and Mika Pflüger. The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024) v2.7. September 2025. | DOI |
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Matthew J. Gidden, Siddharth Joshi, John J. Armitage, Alina-Berenice Christ, Miranda Boettcher, Elina Brutschin, Alexandre C. Köberle, Keywan Riahi, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, and Joeri Rogelj. A prudent planetary limit for geologic carbon storage. Nature, 645(8079):124–132, September 2025. | DOI |
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EI. Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023. | URL |
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R. A. Houghton and A. Castanho. Annual emissions of carbon from land use, land-use change, and forestry from 1850 to 2020. Earth System Science Data, 15:2025–2054, 2023. | DOI |
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E. Hansis, S. J. Davis, and J. Pongratz. Relevance of methodological choices for accounting of land use change carbon fluxes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29:1230–1246, 2015. | DOI |
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Z. Qin, Y. Zhu, J. G. Canadell, M. Chen, T. Li, U. Mishra, and W. Yuan. Global spatially explicit carbon emissions from land-use change over the past six decades (1961–2020). One Earth, 7:835–847, 2024. | DOI |
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Louise Chini and George Hurtt. Land-Use Harmonization 3 v1.2 for CMIP7 Historical (LUH3 v1.2) . March 2026. | DOI |